Water Outflow Research Articles

Analysis of the effect of high falling water on the performance of hydroelectric power plants using whirpool type turbines

A hydroelectric power plant (PLTA) uses the flow of water as a source of energy. Evaluating the output of hydropower facilities, including the optimal height of the waterfall, turbine torque, electrical power, generator power, and generated efficiency, was the aim of the study. This study intends to investigate the power, torque, and efficiency that may be produced by a hydroelectric power plant with a whirlpool-type turbine, as well as how the height of falling water influences the operation of the plant. The experiment in this study measures three different waterfall heights with five different blade configurations. The study on the hydropower prototype involved three trials that collected data on torque, power, efficiency, waterfall height, and water discharge. The PLTA Prototype's best potential head in Test 3 was determined to be 0.01143, with a height of 0.67 meters, no sluice, and a diameter of 0.0625 meters. The lowest water outflow was discovered at a head of 0.55 meters with a water debit of 0.01036. The third attempt, which featured a sluice opening with a diameter of 0.0625 meters and a height of 0.67 meters (head), used the most water power in the experiment. The testing yielded the following results: 75.13 watts of water power, 5.16 watts of generator power, 0.233 N.m. of torque, 2.63 watts of turbine power with a generator load 3.73 watts without one, and 6.87% efficiency. Data gathered from the hydropower prototype's operation can be used to construct testing instruments for use in laboratories

Analysis of sewage treatment process and effect Take Maidao sewage plant in Qingdao as an example

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of urban sewage treatment, understand the process of sewage treatment, conduct in-depth analysis of it combined with actual cases, and put forward effective suggestions for improvement. Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, many cities have built advanced sewage plants, as an example as Qingdao, which is a serious water shortage city in Shandong Province of China. More specifically, a field interview and a field trip in Mai Dao sewage plant provide the actual treatment process and real data of the plant. It provides with a comprehensive process and actual removal rate of the plant, so we can have a deeper understanding of the current status of urban sewage treatment processes. Additionally, an analysis of the effect of every devices in the process supports the effectiveness of the plant. Furthermore, this paper gives information about current situations of reuse water process and offers some suggestions to the current treatment process and the use of outflow water.

Ventilation of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone by Persian Gulf Water

AbstractDense overflows from marginal seas are critical pathways of oxygen supply to the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), yet these remain inadequately understood. Climate models struggle to accurately reproduce the observed extent and intensity of the Arabian Sea OMZ due to their limited ability to capture processes smaller than their grid scale, such as dense overflows. Multi‐month repeated sections by underwater gliders off the coast of Oman resolve the contribution of dense Persian Gulf Water (PGW) outflow to oxygen supply within the Arabian Sea OMZ. We characterize PGW properties, seasonality, transport and mixing mechanisms to explain local processes influencing water mass transformation and oxygen fluxes into the OMZ. Atmospheric forcing at the source region and eddy mesoscale activity in the Gulf of Oman control spatiotemporal variability of PGW as it flows along‐shelf off the northern Omani coast. Subseasonally, it is modulated by stirring and shear‐driven mixing driven by eddy‐topography interactions. The oxygen transport from PGW to the OMZ is estimated to be 1.3 Tmol yr−1 over the observational period, with dramatic inter‐ and intra‐annual variability (±1.6 Tmol yr−1). We show that this oxygen is supplied to the interior of the OMZ through the combined action of double‐diffusive and shear‐driven mixing. Intermittent shear‐driven mixing enhances double‐diffusive processes, with mechanical shear conditions (Ri < 0.25) prevailing 14% of the time at the oxycline. These findings enhance our understanding of fine‐scale processes influencing oxygen dynamics within the OMZ that can provide insights for improved modeling and prediction efforts.

Fractal Characteristics of Water Outflows on the Soil Surface after a Pipe Failure

Water pipe failures result in real water losses in the form of water outflowing into the porous medium, such as the surrounding soil. Such an outflow may result in the creation of suffosion holes. The appropriate management of the water supply network may contribute to reducing the number of failures, but due to their random nature, it is not possible to completely eliminate them. Therefore, alternative solutions are being sought to reduce the effects of the failures. This article presents a fragment of the results from a broader scope of the research, which attempted to determine the outflow zone in relation to the fractal characteristics of water outflows. The research included the analysis of the actual geometric structures created by the water outflows, which were simplified into linear structures using isometric transformations. The structures were analyzed in terms of the parameters characterizing them, including their fractal dimensions. As a result, it was found that there was no relationship between the analyzed fractal parameters and the leakage area or hydraulic pressure in the water pipe. However, the influence of the number of points forming each linear structure on the analyzed parameters was shown. This allowed for the determination of further research aimed at estimating the size of the water outflow zone after the unsealing of an underground water supply pipe.

Virtual Water Embodied in Interregional Energy Trade in China: A City-Level Analysis.

Large volumes of water are used in energy production for both primary (e.g., fuel extraction) and secondary energy (e.g., electricity). In countries such as China, with a large internal trade in fuels and long-distance transmission grids, this can result in considerable water inequalities. Previous research focused on the water impacts of energy production at the national and provincial levels, which is too coarse to identify the spatial differences and make specific case studies. Here, we take the next step toward a spatially explicit economically integrated water-use for energy assessment by combining a bottom-up assessment approach with a city-level multiregional input-output model. Specifically, we examine the water consumption of energy production in China, distinguishing between water for primary and secondary energy at the level of coal mines, oil and gas fields, and power plants for the first time. Of the total energy-related freshwater consumption of 4.9 Gm3 in 2017, primary energy accounted for 19% (940 Mm3) and secondary energy accounted for 81% (3955 Mm3). Coal was the largest water consumer for both primary and secondary energy (540 and 3880 Mm3, respectively), with both oil (361, and 0.5 Mm3, respectively) and gas (7 and 69 Mm3, respectively) also consuming large amounts. Intercity virtual water, that is, water embodied in energy trade across cities, reached 54% (2.6 Gm3) of energy-related freshwater consumption. Across China, 32% of cities see a bilateral trade in secondary- and primary-energy-related virtual water (e.g., Daqing city exports virtual water embodied in primary fuel to other cities that is then used to produce electricity in those cities, part of which is used back in Daqing via transmission). For these 32% of cities, 73% export more virtual water than import and 27% import more virtual water than export. This study reveals significant differences in city-level virtual water patterns (e.g., scale and direction) between primary and secondary energy to provide information for cities about their virtual water inflow and outflow and the potential collaboration partners for water management.

Optimal operation of a hydropower plant in a stochastic environment

Given the currently changing climate conditions it is of primary importance to optimise the management of hydropower resources. This paper proposes a framework in a dynamic setting to determine the water outflow that maximises the value of a water resource for a given reservoir. The model includes two sources of uncertainty, the water inventory determined mainly by the water inflow and the electricity prices. It is implemented under the stochastic optimal control approach and calibrated using monthly data of reservoir characteristics from ResOpsUs. The results indicate that the inventory dynamics are specially important in valuing reservoir resources. The application of optimal management policies guarantees the long-term sustainability of the reservoir. The possible effects of climate change are considered in a sensitivity analysis to changes in the price and water inventory dynamics.

Repeated subglacial jökulhlaups in northeastern Greenland revealed by CryoSat

Abstract Surface height changes above three previously undetected subglacial lakes in northeastern Greenland are documented using CryoSat, DEMs and ICESat-2. Between 7 February and 6 March 2012, the central ice region (22.6 km2) above the largest lake dropped by ~37 m followed by a further drop of 12 m in the following 29 days. This implies a subglacial water outflow, or jökulhlaup, of at least 1 km3 at rates of hundreds of cubic meters per second. A comparable outflow occurred again between 23 July and 15 September 2019, with smaller outflows in the fall of 2014 and 2016. In contrast, a second smaller subglacial lake at a higher elevation had two subglacial outbursts of ~0.3 km3 in 2012 and 2019 but the lake filling was gradual and not strongly seasonal or episodic. Water remained in both lakes after the outflows but this may not be the case for the third smallest and lowest subglacial lake. While there appears to be some hydrological link between the three lakes, the flux of water moving under the ice in this area appears to be larger than would be expected from local summer melt. However, the source of the excess water remains uncertain.

Development and physical characteristics of the Irish shelf-edge Macnas Mounds, Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic

AbstractModern cold-water corals (CWCs) occur in a wide range of water depths, with Desmophyllum pertusum being one of the most common species. Pleistocene, Holocene, and modern coral mound formation by living CWC reefs have previously been described in the Porcupine Seabight from water depths greater than 700 m in the vicinity of the transitional zone between the Eastern North Atlantic Water and Mediterranean Outflow Water. Here we document occurrence of fossil corals retrieved from two cores at 370 m depth in the Macnas Mounds, a relatively shallow occurrence for mounds on the Irish shelf-edge. Both cores feature D. pertusum restricted to the upper two metres, immediately overlying an erosive surface and a coeval major down-core change in grain size from sand to mud. Radiocarbon dating of coral specimens indicates the CWC mounds initiated 7.82 Cal ky BP. Our study unequivocally documents the existence of Holocene shelf-edge coral mounds in the eastern Porcupine Seabight and highlights the possibility of other occurrences of CWCs in similar settings elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic. Given that no living CWCs were encountered in the study area, we suggest that the area previously experienced more favourable conditions for CWC mound initiation and development along the shelf-edge margin, possibly due to differing conditions in the European Slope Current which flows northward along the continental slope from south of the Porcupine Bank to the Faroe-Shetland Channel. Graphical Abstract

Cross-Shelf Exchange in Prograde Antarctic Troughs Driven by Offshore Propagating Dense Water Eddies

Abstract This study examines the link between near-bottom outflows of dense water formed in Antarctic coastal polynyas and onshore intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) through prograde troughs cutting across the continental shelf. Numerical simulations show that the dense water outflow is primarily in the form of cyclonic eddies. The trough serves as a topographic guide that organizes the offshore-moving dense water eddies into a chain pattern. The offshore migration speed of the dense water eddies is similar to the velocity of the dense water offshore flow in the trough, which scaling analysis finds to be proportional to the reduced gravity of the dense water and the slope of the trough side walls and to be inversely proportional to the Coriolis parameter. Our model simulations indicate that, as these cyclonic dense water eddies move across the trough mouth into the deep ocean, they entrain CDW from offshore and carry CDW clockwise along their periphery into the trough. Subsequent cyclonic dense water eddies then entrain the intruding CDW further toward the coast along the trough. This process of recurring onshore entrainment of CDW by a topographically constrained chain of offshore-flowing dense water eddies is consistent with topographic hotspots of onshore intrusion of CDW around Antarctica identified by other studies. It can bring CDW from offshore to close to the coast and thus impact the heat flux into Antarctic coastal regions, affecting interactions among ocean, sea ice, and ice shelves.

Is water replenishment an effective way to improve lake water quality? Case study in Lake Ulansuhai, China

Lakes are an important component of the global water cycle and aquatic ecosystem. Lake water quality improvement have always been a hot topic of concern both domestically and internationally. Noncompliant outflow water quality frequently occurs, especially for lakes that rely mainly on irrigation return flow as their water source. External water replenishment to improve the water quality of lakes is gradually being recognized as a promising method, which however, is also a controversial method. Lake managers, in the case of constant controversy, hesitate about the appropriateness of lake water replenishing. Thus, taking Lake Ulansuhai in China as an example, this study aimed to construct a lake hydrodynamic and water quality model, under the constraint of multiple boundary conditions, that has sufficient simulation accuracy, and to simulate and analyze the changes in COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TN (Total Nitrogen) concentrations in the lake area before and after water replenishment, and explore whether water replenishment was an effective method for improving lake water quality. The results showed that when the roughness value of Lake Ulansuhai was 0.02, the TN degradation coefficient K was 0.005/d, and the COD degradation coefficient K was 0.01/d; the simulation and measured values had the best fit, and the built model is reasonable and reliable can be used to simulate lake water quality changes. By external water replenishment lasting 140 days in the water volume of 4.925 × 108 m³, the COD and TN concentrations in Lake Ulansuhai could be stabilized at the Class V water quality requirement, which helped improve the self-purification ability of the lake area. Water replenishment was proved to be an effective method for improving the water quality of the lake, but water replenishment is only an emergency measure. Lake water replenishment is more applicable to areas with abundant water resources. External source control and internal source reduction of lake pollution and protection of lake water ecology are the main ways to improve lake water quality for water-deficient areas under the rigid constraints of water resources. In the future, key technologies for reducing and controlling pollution in irrigation areas, construction of lake digital twin platforms, and active promotion of lake legislation work should be the main research direction for managing the lake water environment.

An extended discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) for simulation of grouting reinforcement in a water-rich fractured rock tunnel

Grouting has been the most effective approach to mitigate water inrush disasters in underground engineering due to its ability to plug groundwater and enhance rock strength. Nevertheless, there is a lack of potent numerical tools for assessing the grouting effectiveness in water-rich fractured strata. In this study, the hydro-mechanical coupled discontinuous deformation analysis (HM-DDA) is inaugurally extended to simulate the grouting process in a water-rich discrete fracture network (DFN), including the slurry migration, fracture dilation, water plugging in a seepage field, and joint reinforcement after coagulation. To validate the capabilities of the developed method, several numerical examples are conducted incorporating the Newtonian fluid and Bingham slurry. The simulation results closely align with the analytical solutions. Additionally, a set of compression tests is conducted on the fresh and grouted rock specimens to verify the reinforcement method and calibrate the rational properties of reinforced joints. An engineering-scale model based on a real water inrush case of the Yonglian tunnel in a water-rich fractured zone has been established. The model demonstrates the effectiveness of grouting reinforcement in mitigating water inrush disaster. The results indicate that increased grouting pressure greatly affects the regulation of water outflow from the tunnel face and the prevention of rock detachment face after excavation.

Net Transport Patterns of Surficial Marine Sediments in the North Aegean Sea, Greece

The spatial distribution of sediments on the seafloor reflects the various dynamic processes involved in the marine realm. To analyze sediment transport patterns in the North Aegean Sea, 323 surficial samples were obtained and studied. The granulometry data revealed a diverse range of grain sizes of surficial sediments, ranging from purely sandy to clay. The predominant size classes were silt and muddy sand, followed by sandy silt and mud. However, there were very few samples that fell within the clay classes. The sorting coefficient ranged from 0.21 to 5.48, while skewness ranged from −1.09 to 1.29. The sediment transport patterns were analyzed based on the grain-size parameters (mean, sorting, and skewness). The results showed the variability of flow parameters involved in sediment distribution. River influx and longshore drift near the shoreline are the most significant factors affecting sediment transport. At the open sea, sediment distribution is mainly controlled by general water circulation patterns, especially by the outflow of low-salinity waters from the Black Sea through the Dardanelles and the Marmara Sea. The heterogeneity of sediment textural parameters across the study area suggests that seafloor sediments are further reworked in areas where water masses are highly energetic. It can be concluded that open sea water circulation controls sediment distribution patterns at the open shelf, while close to the coast, river discharge plays a key role.

Transformation of the atlantic water between svalbard and Franz Joseph Land in the late winter 2018–2019

An inflow of warm and salty Atlantic origin waters (AW) from the Nordic Seas to the Arctic Ocean interior is in the list of the major external factors, which control the hydrologic regime of the East-Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean. Rapid decay of the sea ice cover in 2000–2010s raised questions on the possible changes in the fate of the inflow under present ice-depleted conditions: whether warm and salty AW will cool and freshen slower (due to less ice to be melted underway), or intensified heat loss to the atmosphere through the open surface will lead to the faster AW cooling on shorter distance? We present rare hydrologic data, collected during the late winter 2019 in the international expedition “Transarktika-2019” in the northern part of the Barents Sea and at the adjoining continental slope of the Nansen Basin. On the basis of field data, supported by the oceanic reanalysis product and numerical modelling we have studied the transformation of AW on its transit between Svalbard and Franz Joseph Land. We show that the observed cooling and desalination of the fraction of AW over the continental slope around this area is controlled by lateral mixing with colder and fresher waters, outflowing from cross-slope canyons, which cut the continental slope: Kvitøya Trough, Franz Victoria Trough and probably, the British Channel. The obtained results demonstrate more intensive transformation of AW on this transit compared to previous studies. Possible explanations of this contrast, which are supported by the earlier studies, may include: the season of the survey when dense water outflow through canyons is at its maximum and gradual “atlantification” of the East-Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean, which favours intensification of dense water formation in winter polynyas under conditions of increased seasonality of sea ice. In the latter case, faster cooling and desalination of AW en route in this part of the Arctic Ocean may be considered as a reasonable hypothesis, provided the atlantification of the Nansen Basin is progressing.

Accumulation of Beryllium in Bottom Sediments of Rivers in the Kizelovsky Coal Basin

The studies have been carried out on the accumulation of beryllium in bottom sediments of the river. Kosva (Western Urals, RF), which receives acidic waters from 8 water outflows, characterized by a sulfate iron-calcium composition, high mineralization and a significant beryllium content. It is concluded that a river suspension of colloidal size acts as a sorption barrier for beryllium, transported with the flow of water and gradually settling at the bottom. It is noted that the aggregation of particles among themselves with the formation of a larger suspension leads to the fact that, with distance from the source of pollution, a gradual increase in the beryllium content in coarse water suspension is observed with a decrease in the total beryllium content in water. It is recommended that the identified features of beryllium migration and accumulation be taken into account when developing environmental protection measures for the ecological rehabilitation of the river Kosvy.

The ternary water cycle of ‘nature–society–trade’ in the inland arid areas

AbstractWater cycle is important for maintaining the dynamic balance of regional water resources. Here, based on the input–output water circulation flux accounting model, we take Xinjiang as a case area to empirically explore the mechanism of the ‘nature‐society‐trade’ ternary water cycle. The results show that the water transferred out was much larger than the transferred in in Xinjiang. The scale of water resources development and utilization and the social water cycle fluxes have been constantly expanding, but there was a mismatch between the hydrological system and the socio‐economic system in terms of water resource utilization. From 2007 to 2017, agriculture had always been the department with the largest amount of direct water consumption and virtual water transfer in Xinjiang, which mainly transferred virtual water to the light industry and service sector where the production of final products requires large amounts of agricultural products as raw materials or intermediate products. In Xinjiang, the virtual water transferred outside through trade in products and services was much larger than the virtual water transferred in from other regions, and it was thus always in a state of net virtual water outflow as a whole. In inter‐provincial trade of China, Xinjiang mainly transferred virtual water to areas with abundant water resources, developed economies and dense populations in eastern China. Lastly, we put forward targeted suggestions on the optimal allocation of water resources to promote the sustainable development of Xinjiang and we hope that our study will be instructive for water resources management in other arid inland river basins.

Accumulation characteristics and fate modeling of phthalic acid esters in surface water from the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of compounds widespread in the environment. To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs, surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. The total concentrations of 11 analyzed PAEs (∑11PAEs) in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L (mean ± IQR: 583.1 ± 308.4 ng/L). While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE, DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3% of the ∑11PAEs. The concentrations of the ∑11PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from the middle reaches. To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs, seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction (QWASI). The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs, and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one. For all simulated PAEs, water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir, whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways. The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied from PAEs, depending on their properties. The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based on monitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value, implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Potential of a Charcoal Evaporative Cooling Chamber for Extending the Shelf Life of Vegetables


 
 
 There are wide varieties of vegetables in Sri Lanka. The ambient temperature and relative humidity have an impact on rate of vegetables deteriorate. Evaporative cooling is a well-known, cost- effective way to reduce postharvest lost in order to lower the temperature and increase the relative humidity. This research was done to create a charcoal cooling chamber for increase the shelf life of vegetables combining polythene packaging and active packaging additives. The study was carried out in wet zone, Sri Lanka with a sizable chamber made of coconut shell charcoal. A rectangular box made of chicken wire with a 1 m3 capacity serves as the evaporative cooling chamber. It made of chicken wire mesh with a hardwood frame. The walls filled with 50 mm thick coconut shell charcoal and a water outflow 8.33 ml/min for wetting the walls. Vegetable samples without any treatment were placed in the charcoal chamber along with vegetables wrapped in sealed polyethylene (gauge 300) with and without active packing components. With a control sample held in ambient settings, the treatments were put to the test four times over the course of nine days. Both unloading and loading situations were used to evaluate the performance of chamber. Temperature drops of 4° C on average and 2.07° C on average, respectively, were seen in dry and wet climate conditions. 92.49% on average was the cooling efficiency. Sealed polyethylene bags without active packaging components were found to be the best treatment when taking into account physiological weight loss and sensory tests. When compared to the control group on days 3, 6 and 9 physiological weight loss was considerably (P<0.05) less in the sealed polyethylene bags without active packing components. When compared to the control sample total soluble solid content less in sealed polythene bag. The sensory evaluation for the treatments inside the chamber was more acceptable than for the control. Vegetables can store fresh for up to three days in evaporative cooling chamber without packaging. These chambers can install vegetable stalls on the side of the roads in Sri Lanka for temporary purposes.
 Keywords: Charcoal, Evaporation, Shelf-life, Temperature, Vegetables
 
 

TRABECULECTOMY IN CLOSED ANGLE UVEITIS GLAUCOMA A CASE REPORT

Introduction : Glaucoma uveitis is caused by increased outflow resistance, which distorts the balance between water production and outflow. Trabeculectomy is better than LPI in controlling IOP in glaucoma uveitis
 Case Illustration : Male patient aged 45 years, came to the Eye Polyclinic at Serui Hospital with complaints of very painful right eye since 2 weeks ago, the patient also complained of being unable to see at all, red eyes, headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting. Ophthalmological examination reveal right eye vision no light perception (NLP), palpebral edema, spasm, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber angle, iris-corneal contact, negative pupillary reflex, total pupillary block, negative fundus reflex, schiotz IOP 81 mmHg.
 Discussion : The patient diagnosed as right eye acute glaucoma and treated with acetazolamide, timolol maleate eye drops, potassium aspar tablets, prednisolone acetate drops, diclofenac sodium drops in the right eye, paracetamol tablets, re-evaluate in 2 hours. The patient chose to be referred to a hospital in Surabaya. The patient came back with the same complaint and was treated the same as before, right eye surgery trabeculectomy + peripheral iridectomy with releaseable suture flap limbal base with controlled IOP results, releaseable suture sutures were removed in 2 weeks. Trabeculectomy of the uveitic eye is generally less successful because of accelerated wound healing by the postoperative fibrinous and cellular response. Antimetabolites such as 5FU and Mitomycin C are used to enhance the success of trabeculectomy in uveitis eyes (5FU, MMC). 95% success (IOP less than 21 mm Hg with 1 or no treatment) was achieved with MMC augmented trabeculectomy.
 Conclusion : Increased IOP due to pupillary block causes acute glaucoma with signs of high IOP, middilated pupils, decreased pupillary reflexes, and irregular shape, corneal epithelial edema, episcleral and conjunctival vascular congestion, shallow anterior chamber, small number of flares and cells.

TRABECULECTOMY IN CLOSED ANGLE UVEITIS GLAUCOMA A CASE REPORT

Introduction : Glaucoma uveitis is caused by increased outflow resistance, which distorts the balance between water production and outflow. Trabeculectomy is better than LPI in controlling IOP in glaucoma uveitis
 Case Illustration : Male patient aged 45 years, came to the Eye Polyclinic at Serui Hospital with complaints of very painful right eye since 2 weeks ago, the patient also complained of being unable to see at all, red eyes, headache, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting. Ophthalmological examination reveal right eye vision no light perception (NLP), palpebral edema, spasm, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, shallow anterior chamber angle, iris-corneal contact, negative pupillary reflex, total pupillary block, negative fundus reflex, schiotz IOP 81 mmHg.
 Discussion : The patient diagnosed as right eye acute glaucoma and treated with acetazolamide, timolol maleate eye drops, potassium aspar tablets, prednisolone acetate drops, diclofenac sodium drops in the right eye, paracetamol tablets, re-evaluate in 2 hours. The patient chose to be referred to a hospital in Surabaya. The patient came back with the same complaint and was treated the same as before, right eye surgery trabeculectomy + peripheral iridectomy with releaseable suture flap limbal base with controlled IOP results, releaseable suture sutures were removed in 2 weeks. Trabeculectomy of the uveitic eye is generally less successful because of accelerated wound healing by the postoperative fibrinous and cellular response. Antimetabolites such as 5FU and Mitomycin C are used to enhance the success of trabeculectomy in uveitis eyes (5FU, MMC). 95% success (IOP less than 21 mm Hg with 1 or no treatment) was achieved with MMC augmented trabeculectomy.
 Conclusion : Increased IOP due to pupillary block causes acute glaucoma with signs of high IOP, middilated pupils, decreased pupillary reflexes, and irregular shape, corneal epithelial edema, episcleral and conjunctival vascular congestion, shallow anterior chamber, small number of flares and cells.

Study of the Influence of Operating and Geometric Parameters on the Critical Outflow of Subcooled and Boiling Water through Channels of Different Geometry

Study of the Influence of Operating and Geometric Parameters on the Critical Outflow of Subcooled and Boiling Water through Channels of Different Geometry